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CHAPTER 01. Phonetics7
1.1 Introduction8
1.2 Phonetic Transcription10
1.3 Description and Articulation of Sounds of English12
1.4 Additional Sounds29
1.5 Cardinal Vowels35
CHAPTER 02. Phonology41
2.1 Introduction42
2.2 Complementary versus Overlapping Distribution42
2.3 Phonemic Analysis: A Mini-demo46
2.4 Neurtralization50
2.5 Free Variation51
2.6 Morphophonology52
CHAPTER 03. English Consonants55
3.1 Stops56
3.2 Fricatives65
3.3 Affricates68
3.4 Nasals69
3.5 Approximants72
3.6 A note on casual speech reductions75
3.7 Sociophonetic Variation76
CHAPTER 04. English Vowels95
4.1 Vowel Set of American English96
4.2 Phonetic properties of vowels97
4.3 Tense - Lax ***** ±âÃâ98
4.4 Nasalized vowels100
4.5 Length100
4.6 Vowels before /?/101
4.7 Vowels before /I/103
4.8 Front Vowels104
4.9 Central Vowels105
4.10 Back Vowels106
4.11 Diphthongs108
4.12 Two well-known chain shifts: Northern Cities Shift and Southern Shift110
4.13 Sociophonetic Variation112
4.14 Non-US Varieties112
4.15 Full Vowels vs. Reduced Vowels114
4.16 Full (Strong) Forms versus Reduced (Weak) Forms of Function Words122
CHAPTER 05. Syllables127
5.1 Introduction128
5.2 The hierarchical structure of syllable131
5.3 Number of Syllables136
5.4 Sonority137
5.5 Syllabification139
5.6 English Syllable Phonotactics *******144
5.7 Written Syllabification154
5.8 Syllable Weight and Ambisyllabicity157
5.9 Practical Applications163
CHAPTER 06. Stress and Intonation167
6.1 Introduction168
6.2 Noun and Adjective Stress170
6.3 Verb Stress174
6.4 Secondary Stress177
6.5 Affixes180
6.6 Stress in Compounds195
6.7 Differences between American English and British English197
6.8 Introduction203
6.9 Variations among the Varieties209
6.10 Markedness216
1.1 Introduction8
1.2 Phonetic Transcription10
1.3 Description and Articulation of Sounds of English12
1.4 Additional Sounds29
1.5 Cardinal Vowels35
CHAPTER 02. Phonology41
2.1 Introduction42
2.2 Complementary versus Overlapping Distribution42
2.3 Phonemic Analysis: A Mini-demo46
2.4 Neurtralization50
2.5 Free Variation51
2.6 Morphophonology52
CHAPTER 03. English Consonants55
3.1 Stops56
3.2 Fricatives65
3.3 Affricates68
3.4 Nasals69
3.5 Approximants72
3.6 A note on casual speech reductions75
3.7 Sociophonetic Variation76
CHAPTER 04. English Vowels95
4.1 Vowel Set of American English96
4.2 Phonetic properties of vowels97
4.3 Tense - Lax ***** ±âÃâ98
4.4 Nasalized vowels100
4.5 Length100
4.6 Vowels before /?/101
4.7 Vowels before /I/103
4.8 Front Vowels104
4.9 Central Vowels105
4.10 Back Vowels106
4.11 Diphthongs108
4.12 Two well-known chain shifts: Northern Cities Shift and Southern Shift110
4.13 Sociophonetic Variation112
4.14 Non-US Varieties112
4.15 Full Vowels vs. Reduced Vowels114
4.16 Full (Strong) Forms versus Reduced (Weak) Forms of Function Words122
CHAPTER 05. Syllables127
5.1 Introduction128
5.2 The hierarchical structure of syllable131
5.3 Number of Syllables136
5.4 Sonority137
5.5 Syllabification139
5.6 English Syllable Phonotactics *******144
5.7 Written Syllabification154
5.8 Syllable Weight and Ambisyllabicity157
5.9 Practical Applications163
CHAPTER 06. Stress and Intonation167
6.1 Introduction168
6.2 Noun and Adjective Stress170
6.3 Verb Stress174
6.4 Secondary Stress177
6.5 Affixes180
6.6 Stress in Compounds195
6.7 Differences between American English and British English197
6.8 Introduction203
6.9 Variations among the Varieties209
6.10 Markedness216