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CHAPTER 01. Phonetics7
1.1 Introduction8
1.2 Phonetic Transcription10
1.3 Description and Articulation of Sounds of English11
CHAPTER 02. Describing English Consonants: Consonants Revisited29
2.1 The anatomy of a consonant30
2.2 Consonant classification31
CHAPTER 03.Defining distributions: consonant allophones39
3.1 Phonemes40
3.2 Minimal pairs and beyond45
CHAPTER 04.Describing vowels: Vowels Revisited51
4.1 Vowels versus consonants52
4.2 The anatomy of a vowel53
4.3 Vowel Classifications57
4.4 Vowel Descriptions60
4.5 Monophthongs and diphthongs62
4.6 Vowel Space and Cardinal Vowels64
CHAPTER 05.Vowel phonemes69
5.1 Establishing vowel contrasts70
5.2 Vowel features72
CHAPTER 06.Phonology above the segment75
6.1 The syllable76
6.2 Phonotactic constraints78
6.3 The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation83
6.4 Justifying the constituents85
6.5 Syllable Weight87
CHAPTER 07. The word and above95
7.1 Phonological units above the syllable96
7.2 Stress96
7.3 The foot102
7.4 TONE UNIT106
7.5 The intonation or melody107
7.6 Intonation and perception109
CHAPTER 08.Distinctive Features117
8.1 The needs for distinctive features118
8.2 The Distinctive Features of Chomsky and Halle120
CHAPTER 09.Phonological Rules133
9.1 Formal Rules and Rule Writing135
9.2 Richer Phonological Representation139
9.3 Some Consequences of Phonotactics143
CHAPTER 10.Phonological Alternations, Processes and Rules149
10.1 Assimilation150
10.2 Dissimilation157
10.3 Deletion (Elision)158
10.4 Liaison159
10.5 Insertion: Epenthesis160
10.6 Neutralization *****±âÃâ161
1.1 Introduction8
1.2 Phonetic Transcription10
1.3 Description and Articulation of Sounds of English11
CHAPTER 02. Describing English Consonants: Consonants Revisited29
2.1 The anatomy of a consonant30
2.2 Consonant classification31
CHAPTER 03.Defining distributions: consonant allophones39
3.1 Phonemes40
3.2 Minimal pairs and beyond45
CHAPTER 04.Describing vowels: Vowels Revisited51
4.1 Vowels versus consonants52
4.2 The anatomy of a vowel53
4.3 Vowel Classifications57
4.4 Vowel Descriptions60
4.5 Monophthongs and diphthongs62
4.6 Vowel Space and Cardinal Vowels64
CHAPTER 05.Vowel phonemes69
5.1 Establishing vowel contrasts70
5.2 Vowel features72
CHAPTER 06.Phonology above the segment75
6.1 The syllable76
6.2 Phonotactic constraints78
6.3 The Sonority Sequencing Generalisation83
6.4 Justifying the constituents85
6.5 Syllable Weight87
CHAPTER 07. The word and above95
7.1 Phonological units above the syllable96
7.2 Stress96
7.3 The foot102
7.4 TONE UNIT106
7.5 The intonation or melody107
7.6 Intonation and perception109
CHAPTER 08.Distinctive Features117
8.1 The needs for distinctive features118
8.2 The Distinctive Features of Chomsky and Halle120
CHAPTER 09.Phonological Rules133
9.1 Formal Rules and Rule Writing135
9.2 Richer Phonological Representation139
9.3 Some Consequences of Phonotactics143
CHAPTER 10.Phonological Alternations, Processes and Rules149
10.1 Assimilation150
10.2 Dissimilation157
10.3 Deletion (Elision)158
10.4 Liaison159
10.5 Insertion: Epenthesis160
10.6 Neutralization *****±âÃâ161